The primary concepts, or principles, of landscape design include:
Unity (harmony)BalanceProportionTransition
Unity, or harmony, describes a design that is cohesive. A unified landscape has a consistent, recognizable theme, and its various elements and spaces are tied together visually (with paths, plantings, walls, or other features). Balance describes the distribution of visual weight. A front yard that has a large tree on opposite sides of a house (creating a mirrored effect) has more balance than a yard with a overbearing tree on one side and a smattering of low shrubs on the other. Landscapes do not always have to be in perfect balance, but a pleasing or natural distribution of visual weight is an important goal. Proportion relates to scale, or size. Landscapes made up of elements of various heights and widths that blend harmoniously are in proportion. By contrast, a tiny yard dominated by a massive, towering pine tree that shades the rest of the landscape lacks proper proportion. Transition is the gradual change represented by color, scale, line, form, or texture. In general, it’s best to avoid abrupt transitions. For example, if the color of your flowers is repeated as you go from one part of the yard to another, there is a sense of a cohesive whole, providing a smooth transition. Remember to show some restraint in the number of focal points you create. Having too many focal points defeats the purpose: Rather than focusing the eye on a landscaping highlight, they confuse the viewer. Also, each additional focal point within sight dilutes the impact of the others. Despite the fact that this landscape is an urban area, it exudes a charm evocative of a country cottage. The white picket fence is partly responsible, but so are the black-eyed Susans peeking out through the pickets. Another idea would be hollyhocks, which are often used to grace white picket fences in the cottage garden style. The objective of utilizing line is to direct eye movement, unconsciously, in a manner that is most conducive to appreciating the landscape in question. The masonry wall is not only attractive in its own right; it also channels eye movement right down to the sparkling waters dotted with sailboats.
